Arabic Changing in the Last Part of Words

in Arabic word often there are changing in the last part of the words, there are 4 changes:

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The four changes are:

1. Dhamah (الضمة) for example: اطفلُ ; يجلُ
2. Fathah (الفتحة) for example: اطفلَ ;لن يجلَ
3. Kasrah (الكسرة) for example: اطفلِ 
4. Sukuun (السكون) for example: لم يجلْ